Validation studies of the scale have shown inconsistency in the obtained factor structures. Use of the minimac scale in the evaluation of mental adjustment to. The minimental state examination was designed as a clinical method for grading cognitive impairment. The mini mac contains 29 items and the psychometric properties of the mini mac have proved satisfactory 31. The highest scores in the anxious preoccupation and helplessnesshopelessness subclasses were those of the lung, colorectal, breast and prostate cancer patients. The mini mental adjustment to cancer scale mini mac is widely used to evaluate cancer patients psychological responses. The portuguese version of mini mental adjustment to cancer mini mac scale shows good psychometric properties, justifying its use in research and clinical practice in order to study and evaluate the mental adjustment of patients with cancer receiving palliative care in. The widely used mental adjustment to cancer mac scale was designed to measure fighting spirit fs, anxious preoccupation ap, helplesshopelessness hh and fatalism. Screening tools used appropriately as part of a broader assessment, screening tools give clinicians a common language and objective metric. The mini mental is the most widely used screening test of mental function in this age group.
It tests the individuals orientation, attention, calculation, recall, language and motor skills. Rasch analysis of the mini mental adjustment to cancer scale mini mac among a heterogeneous sample of longterm cancer survivors. Mental adjustment to cancer and its relation to anxiety. Development of a questionnaire measure of adjustment to. Populationbased norms for the minimental state examination by age and educational level. These measures differ considerably in their format and content and, thus, present researchers with. The present study examines the factor structure and psychometric properties of the mini mental adjustment to cancer scale mini mac in a sample of iranian adults who suffer from cancer. Symptoms such as depression, anxiety, or other emotional, social, or behavioral problems occur and worsen the persons quality of life. The mental adjustment to cancer mac scale was designed to provide a method of assessing specific responses to cancer. The degree of adaptation to cancer was evaluated with the use of the mini mental adjustment to cancer mini mac scale. Validation of the scale was based on survivors ranging from 4 months to 28 years. The mini mac questionnaire includes 29 statements allowing the. Assessment of adjustment of patients in cancer treatment trials is becoming more common and increasingly regarded as a useful outcome measure. The findings further emphasize the importance of adapting the information given and rehabilitation options to each individual patient.
Mental adjustment to cancer and its relation to anxiety, depression, hrql and survival in patients with laryngeal cancer a longitudinal study. This short booklet describes some uses that they may not be aware of previously. They provide a consistent approach to testing for the presence or absence of a disorder and help patients receive effective treatment. Standardized minimental state examination smmse 822221 nov 2911 page 1 of 4 directions for administration of the ssmse. The mini mac is a revised version of the widely used mental adjustment to cancer scale mac, developed for measuring mental adjustment to cancer in a general cancer population. Oxfordshire community stroke project classification bamford scandinavian stroke scale. Each section of the test involves a related series of questions or commands. This short booklet describes a standardised version of this test and shows how physicians and other health care professionals can use and interpret it. Rasch analysis of the minimental adjustment to cancer scale mini. Recent evidence demonstrates adequate convergent validity but inconsistent internal consistency and. Development of a questionnaire measure of adjustment to cancer. The minimental status examination offers a quick and simple way to quantify cognitive function and screen for cognitive loss. The object of the study was to examine the factor structure and the psychometric properties of the mini mental adjustment to cancer scale mini mac among a large sample of norwegian breast cancer. Selfcriticism, neediness, and distress among women.
Mental adjustment and healthrelated quality of life in. Patient mental adjustment to selected types of cancer. All intext references underlined in blue are added to the original document. A heterogeneous group of 573 cancer patients completed a questionnaire containing the mac scale and an additional 26item research scale. Teng prefers to call the scale a test to distinguish it from other investigations such as neurological or physical examinations dr. Adjustment disorders description an adjustment disorder is a severe behavioral response to a stressful event or variation in an individuals life that is a more serious response to the event or change than would be expected given the situation. Adjustment disorder a condition in which a person has a lot of trouble making changes in his or her life to manage a stressful event such as a cancer diagnosis. This investigation is a greek validation of the mini. The prevalence of cancer increases every year, leading to a growing population of patients and survivors in need for care.
Problems in the factor structure of the scale and the need for refining the instrument have determined the development of the mini mac. World federation of neurological surgeons grading system for subarachnoid hemorrhage scale. Pdf mental adjustment to cancer scale researchgate. Maladaptive strategies of coping with such difficult situations may. Fiftyfour consecutively referred patients with various cancers were given the mac scale. Validation studies of the scale have shown methodological shortcomings and inconsistency in the factor solutions. A sample of 225 women diagnosed with breast cancer completed this questionnaire. The minimental state examination jama psychiatry jama. Psychometric properties of the chinese version of the mini mental adjustment to cancer mini mac scale. The present study extended and refined the scope of the mental adjustment to cancer mac scale, a selfreport measure designed to give a rapid assessment of coping style.
However, little is known about the association between patients mental adjustment to cancer and their spouses characteristics or social support network. Mental adjustment to cancer scale is designed to assess psychological responses to cancer diagnosis and is widely used in research and clinical practice. Avi besser, department of behavioral sciences and the center for research in. It produces a score that can be used to follow the course of patients or as a case detection technique after cutoff scores are established. The aim of this study was to examine the factor structure and psychometric properties of the mini mac. Mental adjustment to cancer macs scale oxford clinical. Mac mental adjustment to cancer scale in medical by. It is easily understood by, and acceptable to, patients. Problems in the factor structure of the scale and the need for refining the instrument have determined the development of the minimac. The mental adjustment to cancer mac scale has been completed by 235 patients with various types and stages of cancer. Mini mental adjustment to cancer mini mac scale, which measures the degree of mental adjustment to disease.
It has been suggested that these five subscales could be grouped to form the overarching adaptive and maladptive coping subscales to facilitate the interpretation and. Subsequently, a selfrating questionnairethe mac mental adjustment to cancer scale was developed to measure these categories of adjustment. Mac scale, an instrument derived from the mac and designed to measure styles of coping with cancer. Please circle the appropriate number to the right of each statement, indicating how far it applies to you at present. Use of the mini mac scale in the evaluation of mental adjustment to cancer 415 must face pain, suffering, persistent stress, and the need to make difficult decisions. The minimental adjustment to cancer scale minimac is a 29 item instrument designed to evaluate the responses developed by cancer patients. The minimental adjustment to cancer scale mini mac is a wellrecognised, popular measure of coping in psychooncology and assesses five cancer specific coping strategies. The modified mini mental state mmms, or 3ms test extends the scope of the mini mental state. This paper describes a study of cancer patients characteristics and social support factors as predictors of the patients responses to having cancer. Correct and timely detection of needs throughout the different stages of the care trajectory is crucial and can be supported by the use of screening and assessment in a stepped. Rasch analysis of the minimental adjustment to cancer.
Assessing quality of life in adult cancer survivors qlacs. All negative emotions, stress, and mental burden affect the medical staff, too. The 2nd edition of the mini mental state examination mmse2 is a useful screening tool for cognitive impairment in adults. The five subscales from the original mini mac anxious preoccupation, helplesshopeless, fighting spirit, fatalism, cognitive avoidance had acceptable internal reliabilities. Pdf rasch analysis of the minimental adjustment to. Cancer related posttraumatic stress can occur any time from diagnosis to after treatment ends. The factorial validation of the mini mac the mental adjustment to cancer scale, that measures mental adjustment to cancer, is investigated. The mental adjustment to cancer mac scale is one of the most widely used instruments to. The mental adjustment to cancer mac scale was developed by watson et al. The aim was to develop a self rating questionnaire acceptable to cancer patients, which could be administered easily during busy oncology clinics. Cancer survivors scale qolcs based on these dimensions 18. Reliability of a standardized minimental state examination compared with the traditional mini mental state examination.
We report here a validation study of the mac scale. Mental adjustment to cancer has been explored in a large body of the literature by using the mental adjustment to cancer mac scale. Initial validation of the minimental adjustment to cancer. Before the questionnaire is administered, try to get the person to sit down facing you. Initial validation of the minimental adjustment to cancer minimac. Assessing cancer patients quality of life and supportive. Assess the persons ability to hear and understand very simple. Items were based on a small number of cancer survivors. After semantic validation, the scale was applied to a.
Shock, fear, helplessness, or horror can be felt by cancer patients and lead to cancer related posttraumatic stress. The medical acronym abbreviationslang mac means mental adjustment to cancer scale. This paper describes the development of a selfrating scale to measure adjustment to cancer. Use of the minimac scale in the evaluation of mental. The mini mental adjustment to cancer scale minimac is widely used to evaluate cancer patients psychological responses to diagnosis and treatment. The psychometric properties of a chinese version of the mini mental adjustment to cancer scale mini mac were examined among 115 chinese cancer patients in hong kong.
To achieve good quality care, a patientcentered approach is essential. Predictors of patients mental adjustment to cancer. The minimental adjustment to cancer scale minimac is a wellrecognised, popular. Recent evidence demonstrates adequate convergent validity but inconsistent internal consistency and factor structure.
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